The Social Security Administration offers guidance on what to expect during the application process for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) WebAccessory navicular syndrome is when an extra bone in the foot causes pain and other symptoms. Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeons have experience treating all types of musculoskeletal conditions. This article does not provide medical advice. An accessory navicular bone is located posterior to the posteromedial tuberosity of the tarsal navicular bone. Orthopedic surgeons work with a team of ankle/foot sprain). According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, a flat foot is a condition in which the foots arch lies flat on the inner side and the foot points outwards. Pediatric Sports Medicine for Primary Care. Treatment for ANS is geared towards reducing inflammation and correcting mechanical factors which may be contributing to the condition. Visit other versions in US, UK, Australia, India, Philippines and Home An accessory navicular is an extra bone that is on the inner center arch of the foot. What Are the Reasons Behind Accessory Navicular Bone Syndrome? Excessive exercise or overuse. Surgery may be an option for people who have not responded to conservative treatment or who experience recurrent problems. The pain is aggravated by walking, running and weight-bearing activities. Common symptoms of ANS include: a bony prominence or bump at the midfoot/arch, tenderness at the top of the arch, redness and swelling, pain with weight bearing activities. Fax: 619-717-2605 Know the causes, symptoms, treatment and Some of the nonsurgical treatments include: Although nonsurgical treatments resolve many cases of accessory navicular syndrome, they can sometimes reappear. The accessory navicular can be associated with a normal foot posture and alignment, or sometimes with a Sitting for extended periods can result in forward or slumped posture as you maintain a repetitive reach toward your keyboard. Suite 200 San Diego, CA 92130 The condition is more common in females than males. The treatment considerations for accessory navicular in dancers may differ due to increased demands on the foot, the repetitive nature of the movements, and the specific footwear required. Accessory navicular bone may cause a continuous stretch and stress on the tibialis posterior tendon which can progress to chronic disabling pain and may cause tendon rupture or secondary flat foot deformity; when this occurs this condition is commonly known as accessory navicular syndrome.[4]. -4 min read. Tibialis posterior is an inverter of the foot, assists in the plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle and also has a major role in supporting the medial arch of the foot. The navicular bone is one of the seven bones that frame the ankle and the foot. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The disorder known as the accessory navicular syndrome is hereditary. However, this extraneous bone can irritate the posterior tibial tendon, causing pain and swelling. Sometimes wearing a walking boot is necessary to immobilize the ankle/foot to reduce stress on the area. Just medial (inside) the navicular bone, this additional cartilage that develops into bone is located and linked to the posterior tibial tendon. For this, the affected foot may be put in a cast or a walking boot to decrease the area of inflammation and allow the foot to rest by immobilizing it. If you have questions or concerns, contact the therapy team at ProActive Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine for help. B. J. Manaster, David A. He graduated with a Master of Science in Physical Therapy from the University of Miami in 1997. Acessory Navicular is a common idiopathic condition of the foot that presents with an enlargement of the navicular bone. ankle/foot sprain). When large, it can protrude medially and cause friction against footwear. An accessory navicular bone is an accessory bone of the foot that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the foot. Jon is the Director of Rehabilitation at ProActive Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine in Rancho Bernardo. This article on Epainassist.com has been reviewed by a medical professional, as well as checked for facts, to assure the readers the best possible accuracy. The treatment considerations for accessory Nonsurgical treatment typically aims to relieve symptoms. Contact us to make an appointment. Immobilization with a cast or walking boot. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the foot showing a plantar medial enlargement of the navicular bone. Now coming to what is Accessory Navicular Syndrome, this is a condition in which the Accessory Navicular starts to become painful when aggravated. Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeons have experience treating all types of musculoskeletal conditions. WebIn the case of disability, the Act states that a reference to a person with a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person who has a particular disability (S6(3)). WebSome of the main reasons why individuals develop accessory navicular syndrome include: Having flat feet; Trauma (such as an ankle or foot sprain) Excessively overusing the area of the foot with the accessory navicular bone; Consistently irritating the accessory navicular bone because of certain shoes Mayo Clinic provides management and services for the following conditions. U.S. STD Cases Increased During COVIDs 2nd Year, Pesticide in Produce: See the Latest Dirty Dozen, Having A-Fib Might Raise Odds for Dementia, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. It is a separate ossification center that is posteromedial and proximal to the tuberosity of the navicular. With increase laptop use, long commutes and overall an increase in activities that require us to sit and a majority of time sitting in poor postures, tightness in our necks has become a, Recently, my 13 year old son, who plays a lot of basketball, complained about having pain along the arches of his feet. Some advanced incidences of this condition could damage the posterior tibial tendon. The accessory navicular bone is thought to have been first described by Bauhin in 1605 6. 
Unable to process the form. Surgical intervention is only necessary in a small percentage of cases. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. It is thought to be caused by an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. WebThe majority of people with accessory naviculars do not have symptoms. Such changes are best seen on MRI. In order to understand Accessory Navicular Syndrome, it is essential to know what accessory navicular means. This places strain on the posterior tibial tendon and leads to inflammation of the accessory navicular. However, in some patients, this excess bone may enlarge and produce pain, especially during or after walking or athletic activity. Case 2: type II with accessory navicular syndrome, Case 9: also with a os calcaneous secundarius, View Frank Gaillard's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures, posterior suprapatellar (prefemoral or supratrochlear) fat pad, anterior suprapatellar (quadriceps) fat pad, accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament, superficial posterior compartment of the leg (calf), accessory extensor digiti secundus muscle, descending branch of the lateral circumflex, the prevalence of an accessory navicular bone is ~10% (range 4-21%), although may be substantially higher (~45%) in Asian populations, reported bilateral prevalence is ~70% (range 50-90%), 2-3 mm sesamoid bone embedded within the distal portion of the posterior tibial tendon, no cartilaginous connection to the navicular tuberosity and may be separated from it by up to 5 mm, accounts for 30% of accessory navicular bones, accounts for ~55% (range 50-60%) of all accessory navicular bones, connected to the navicular tuberosity by a 1-2 mm thick layer of either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, eventual osseous fusion to the navicular tuberosity may take place, an especially prominent navicular tuberosity called a, thought to represent a fused type 2 and is occasionally symptomatic as a result of painful bunion formation over the bony protuberance, 1. Most of the time, these extra bones go unnoticed. WebAn accessory navicular bone is an accessory bone of the foot that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the foot. WebAn accessory navicular bone is located posterior to the posteromedial tuberosity of the tarsal navicular bone. Radiology. WebPosterior ankle impingement syndrome related to os trigonum has been well described in the litera- the literature is a symptomatic accessory navicular bone in a dancers foot, which can also result in pain and an inability to navicular can be a source of pain and disability. SOURCES:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Adult Acquired Flatfoot, The accessory navicular: "I have an extra bone in my foot? no financial relationships to ineligible companies to disclose. This tendon helps to maintain an arch and keeps the foot in alignment. **Written with help from Foot Health Facts (www.foothealthfacts.org)**. Study Design Case report. Written by Jon on June 8, 2021 | Excessive exercise or overuse. Its called the accessory navicular since its found near the navicular bone, which runs across the foot. The posterior tibial tendon attaches at the same point and the accessory navicular is within this tendon. The surgical treatment for accessory navicular syndrome involves complete removal of the extra bone that is present in the foot in hopes of relieving the patients symptoms. Physical therapy can be prescribed in order to strengthen the muscles and help decrease inflammation. This article may contains scientific references. (2007) ISBN: 0323043615 -. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion, it may cause painful tendinosis due to traction between the ossicle and the navicular. This specialist may also ask about symptoms and evaluate the posterior tibial tendon to check if there are signs of tenderness in the area. An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. WebAccessory Navicular. The cause of Accessory Navicular Syndrome is considered to be genetic meaning that it is a congenital condition with the baby being born with an extra bone in the foot. It should be noted here that ice should never be applied directly to the skin but should be wrapped in towel or a cloth and then put to prevent development of blisters. Rest, applying cold packs, and taking NSAIDs will assist with inflammation. Read the article to learn more. Just like other bones, the accessory navicular bone grows and hardens in adolescence. An accessory navicular is an extra bone or piece of cartilage that some people are born with. Physical Therapy for Accessory Navicular Syndrome: This is an essential part of treatment for Accessory Navicular Syndrome, especially when the foot has been immobilized for some weeks as immobilization may make the foot stiff and there may be a loss of range of motion. The treatment considerations for accessory navicular in dancers may differ due to increased demands on the foot, the repetitive nature of the movements, and the specific footwear required. In addition to the conditions listed below, Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeons also evaluate people who have symptoms or complications from other conditions. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the foot showing a plantar medial enlargement of the navicular bone. 3. This may be the result of the following: Constant rubbing of footwear against the bone. Many people come to Mayo Clinic when their conditions are complex or unusual. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Do you have a question on Accessory Navicular Syndrome or ? We have immediate appointments available today. Do not delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice because of something you have read on this website. WebAn accessory navicular bone is an accessory bone of the foot that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the foot. (a relief from pain and no disability). Excessive exercise or overuse. ankle/foot sprain). Foot structure, muscle strength, joint motion and the way the patient walks may also be evaluated. Find conditions treated by this department: Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Background Symptomatic accessory navicular can be a source of pain and disability. Once the patient's symptoms have subsided or after they have fully healed from surgery, athletic activity can typically be resumed. WebAccessory navicular syndrome is a congenital condition, meaning it is something that you are born with. Medicationsto Treat Accessory Navicular Syndrome: The doctor may also prescribeNSAIDs in the form of Tylenol or ibuprofen to calm down the swelling, pain, and inflammation due to Accessory Navicular Syndrome. Background Symptomatic accessory navicular can be a source of pain and disability. The accessory navicular bone is a surplus piece of cartilage or bone fragment. Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeons have experience treating all types of musculoskeletal conditions. WebIn the case of disability, the Act states that a reference to a person with a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person who has a particular disability (S6(3)). When a child approaches adolescence, though, the accessory navicular begins to calcify (harden). WebPublic assistance programs are available to people who meet certain requirements for disability. The initial course of action is cautious. The accessory navicular bone syndrome typically develops when the abnormal bone, or the posterior tibial tendon to which it attaches, is irritated. Constant rubbing of footwear against the bone. Phone: 760-388-6475 There are no conditions that start with Q, There are no conditions that start with X, There are no conditions that start with Y, There are no conditions that start with Z, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. The accessory navicular can be associated with a normal foot posture and alignment, or sometimes with a Accessory navicular symptoms usually arise during adolescence as bones mature and cartilage evolves into bones. +91-99-432-70000+1 (844) 432-0202 (Toll free for US & Canada), Published on Dec 21, 2022 You may come to Mayo Clinic on your own or with a referral from your doctor, orthopedic surgeon or other specialist. Accessory navicular syndrome occurs when a type II accessory navicular becomes painful due to movement across the pseudo-joint between the ossicle and the navicular bone.. Radiographic features Ultrasound. This condition puts more strain on the posterior tibial tendon which attaches to the foot where the Accessory Navicular is and thus irritates the Accessory Navicular and inflames or irritates it causing immense pain due to Accessory Navicular Syndrome. The bone is separated from the posterior tibial tendon during this treatment, and the tendon is then completely removed from the foot. Check for errors and try again. This classification was proposed by Geist 7 in 1914 and remains the most widely used classification system (c. 2021). Is It (Finally) Time to Stop Calling COVID a Pandemic? Phone: 619-930-9750 However, this extraneous bone can irritate the posterior tibial tendon, causing pain and swelling. What is Haglund Deformity: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis, Burning Sensation in Feet: Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Diagnosis, Dietary Dos and Donts for Migraine Sufferers, Shirshasana (Headstand) Versus Inversion Therapy Using Inversion Table, Understanding Joint Pain and Tips to Get Relief Using Home Remedies, Erectile Dysfunction: Does Opioid Cause ED, Libido: Opioid Induced Female Sexual Dysfunction, Chronic irritation from shoes rubbing against the bone. In such cases, nonsurgical treatments are repeated. An accessory navicular is congenital (present at birth). Since its an extra bone taking up space in the foot, it can sometimes be painful. However, this extraneous bone can irritate the posterior tibial tendon, causing pain and swelling. May, David G. Disler. All rights reserved. Research suggests that the condition could have a genetic basis. This bone may be present in approximately 2-21% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic. Fax: 858-951-3131 This bone may be present in approximately 2-21% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic. running, jumping), friction from footwear rubbing the area, or an injury (e.g. After surgery, patients are likely to utilize crutches and a light cast. Get To Know What Possibly Could Be Causing Your Symptoms! Jrgen Freyschmidt, Joachim Brossmann, Juergen Wiens et al. People who do experience accessory navicular syndrome develop pain due to overuse, direct trauma, or chronic irritation from shoes. Become a Gold Supporter and see no third-party ads. It is located at the arch of the foot and is attached to the posterior tibialis tendon. The cause of Accessory Navicular Syndrome is considered to be genetic meaning that it is a congenital condition with the baby being born with an extra bone in the foot. Type 1. Acessory Navicular is a common idiopathic condition of the foot that presents with an enlargement of the navicular bone. WebPublic assistance programs are available to people who meet certain requirements for disability. The purpose of this report is to describe Tibialis posterior is an inverter of the foot, assists in the plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle and also has a major role in supporting the medial arch of the foot. The treatment considerations for accessory navicular in dancers may differ due to increased demands on the foot, the repetitive nature of the movements, and the specific footwear required. Redness and erythema surrounding the bony prominence. 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Unable to process the form. Surgical intervention is only necessary in a small percentage of cases. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. It is thought to be caused by an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. WebThe majority of people with accessory naviculars do not have symptoms. Such changes are best seen on MRI. In order to understand Accessory Navicular Syndrome, it is essential to know what accessory navicular means. This places strain on the posterior tibial tendon and leads to inflammation of the accessory navicular. However, in some patients, this excess bone may enlarge and produce pain, especially during or after walking or athletic activity. Case 2: type II with accessory navicular syndrome, Case 9: also with a os calcaneous secundarius, View Frank Gaillard's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures, posterior suprapatellar (prefemoral or supratrochlear) fat pad, anterior suprapatellar (quadriceps) fat pad, accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament, superficial posterior compartment of the leg (calf), accessory extensor digiti secundus muscle, descending branch of the lateral circumflex, the prevalence of an accessory navicular bone is ~10% (range 4-21%), although may be substantially higher (~45%) in Asian populations, reported bilateral prevalence is ~70% (range 50-90%), 2-3 mm sesamoid bone embedded within the distal portion of the posterior tibial tendon, no cartilaginous connection to the navicular tuberosity and may be separated from it by up to 5 mm, accounts for 30% of accessory navicular bones, accounts for ~55% (range 50-60%) of all accessory navicular bones, connected to the navicular tuberosity by a 1-2 mm thick layer of either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, eventual osseous fusion to the navicular tuberosity may take place, an especially prominent navicular tuberosity called a, thought to represent a fused type 2 and is occasionally symptomatic as a result of painful bunion formation over the bony protuberance, 1. Most of the time, these extra bones go unnoticed. WebAn accessory navicular bone is an accessory bone of the foot that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the foot. WebAn accessory navicular bone is located posterior to the posteromedial tuberosity of the tarsal navicular bone. Radiology. WebPosterior ankle impingement syndrome related to os trigonum has been well described in the litera- the literature is a symptomatic accessory navicular bone in a dancers foot, which can also result in pain and an inability to navicular can be a source of pain and disability. SOURCES:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Adult Acquired Flatfoot, The accessory navicular: "I have an extra bone in my foot? no financial relationships to ineligible companies to disclose. This tendon helps to maintain an arch and keeps the foot in alignment. **Written with help from Foot Health Facts (www.foothealthfacts.org)**. Study Design Case report. Written by Jon on June 8, 2021 | Excessive exercise or overuse. Its called the accessory navicular since its found near the navicular bone, which runs across the foot. The posterior tibial tendon attaches at the same point and the accessory navicular is within this tendon. The surgical treatment for accessory navicular syndrome involves complete removal of the extra bone that is present in the foot in hopes of relieving the patients symptoms. Physical therapy can be prescribed in order to strengthen the muscles and help decrease inflammation. This article may contains scientific references. (2007) ISBN: 0323043615 -. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion, it may cause painful tendinosis due to traction between the ossicle and the navicular. This specialist may also ask about symptoms and evaluate the posterior tibial tendon to check if there are signs of tenderness in the area. An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. WebAccessory Navicular. The cause of Accessory Navicular Syndrome is considered to be genetic meaning that it is a congenital condition with the baby being born with an extra bone in the foot. It should be noted here that ice should never be applied directly to the skin but should be wrapped in towel or a cloth and then put to prevent development of blisters. Rest, applying cold packs, and taking NSAIDs will assist with inflammation. Read the article to learn more. Just like other bones, the accessory navicular bone grows and hardens in adolescence. An accessory navicular is an extra bone or piece of cartilage that some people are born with. Physical Therapy for Accessory Navicular Syndrome: This is an essential part of treatment for Accessory Navicular Syndrome, especially when the foot has been immobilized for some weeks as immobilization may make the foot stiff and there may be a loss of range of motion. The treatment considerations for accessory navicular in dancers may differ due to increased demands on the foot, the repetitive nature of the movements, and the specific footwear required. In addition to the conditions listed below, Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeons also evaluate people who have symptoms or complications from other conditions. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the foot showing a plantar medial enlargement of the navicular bone. 3. This may be the result of the following: Constant rubbing of footwear against the bone. Many people come to Mayo Clinic when their conditions are complex or unusual. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Do you have a question on Accessory Navicular Syndrome or ? We have immediate appointments available today. Do not delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice because of something you have read on this website. WebAn accessory navicular bone is an accessory bone of the foot that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the foot. (a relief from pain and no disability). Excessive exercise or overuse. ankle/foot sprain). Foot structure, muscle strength, joint motion and the way the patient walks may also be evaluated. Find conditions treated by this department: Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Background Symptomatic accessory navicular can be a source of pain and disability. Once the patient's symptoms have subsided or after they have fully healed from surgery, athletic activity can typically be resumed. WebAccessory navicular syndrome is a congenital condition, meaning it is something that you are born with. Medicationsto Treat Accessory Navicular Syndrome: The doctor may also prescribeNSAIDs in the form of Tylenol or ibuprofen to calm down the swelling, pain, and inflammation due to Accessory Navicular Syndrome. Background Symptomatic accessory navicular can be a source of pain and disability. The accessory navicular bone is a surplus piece of cartilage or bone fragment. Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeons have experience treating all types of musculoskeletal conditions. WebIn the case of disability, the Act states that a reference to a person with a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person who has a particular disability (S6(3)). When a child approaches adolescence, though, the accessory navicular begins to calcify (harden). WebPublic assistance programs are available to people who meet certain requirements for disability. The initial course of action is cautious. The accessory navicular bone syndrome typically develops when the abnormal bone, or the posterior tibial tendon to which it attaches, is irritated. Constant rubbing of footwear against the bone. Phone: 760-388-6475 There are no conditions that start with Q, There are no conditions that start with X, There are no conditions that start with Y, There are no conditions that start with Z, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. The accessory navicular can be associated with a normal foot posture and alignment, or sometimes with a Accessory navicular symptoms usually arise during adolescence as bones mature and cartilage evolves into bones. +91-99-432-70000+1 (844) 432-0202 (Toll free for US & Canada), Published on Dec 21, 2022 You may come to Mayo Clinic on your own or with a referral from your doctor, orthopedic surgeon or other specialist. Accessory navicular syndrome occurs when a type II accessory navicular becomes painful due to movement across the pseudo-joint between the ossicle and the navicular bone.. Radiographic features Ultrasound. This condition puts more strain on the posterior tibial tendon which attaches to the foot where the Accessory Navicular is and thus irritates the Accessory Navicular and inflames or irritates it causing immense pain due to Accessory Navicular Syndrome. The bone is separated from the posterior tibial tendon during this treatment, and the tendon is then completely removed from the foot. Check for errors and try again. This classification was proposed by Geist 7 in 1914 and remains the most widely used classification system (c. 2021). Is It (Finally) Time to Stop Calling COVID a Pandemic? Phone: 619-930-9750 However, this extraneous bone can irritate the posterior tibial tendon, causing pain and swelling. What is Haglund Deformity: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis, Burning Sensation in Feet: Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Diagnosis, Dietary Dos and Donts for Migraine Sufferers, Shirshasana (Headstand) Versus Inversion Therapy Using Inversion Table, Understanding Joint Pain and Tips to Get Relief Using Home Remedies, Erectile Dysfunction: Does Opioid Cause ED, Libido: Opioid Induced Female Sexual Dysfunction, Chronic irritation from shoes rubbing against the bone. In such cases, nonsurgical treatments are repeated. An accessory navicular is congenital (present at birth). Since its an extra bone taking up space in the foot, it can sometimes be painful. However, this extraneous bone can irritate the posterior tibial tendon, causing pain and swelling. May, David G. Disler. All rights reserved. Research suggests that the condition could have a genetic basis. This bone may be present in approximately 2-21% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic. Fax: 858-951-3131 This bone may be present in approximately 2-21% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic. running, jumping), friction from footwear rubbing the area, or an injury (e.g. After surgery, patients are likely to utilize crutches and a light cast. Get To Know What Possibly Could Be Causing Your Symptoms! Jrgen Freyschmidt, Joachim Brossmann, Juergen Wiens et al. People who do experience accessory navicular syndrome develop pain due to overuse, direct trauma, or chronic irritation from shoes. Become a Gold Supporter and see no third-party ads. It is located at the arch of the foot and is attached to the posterior tibialis tendon. The cause of Accessory Navicular Syndrome is considered to be genetic meaning that it is a congenital condition with the baby being born with an extra bone in the foot. Type 1. Acessory Navicular is a common idiopathic condition of the foot that presents with an enlargement of the navicular bone. WebPublic assistance programs are available to people who meet certain requirements for disability. The purpose of this report is to describe Tibialis posterior is an inverter of the foot, assists in the plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle and also has a major role in supporting the medial arch of the foot. The treatment considerations for accessory navicular in dancers may differ due to increased demands on the foot, the repetitive nature of the movements, and the specific footwear required. Redness and erythema surrounding the bony prominence. 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